tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67065847533990336292024-02-19T03:46:05.332-08:00CT-SPCritical Thinking Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger127125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-1829367849391759412011-11-29T10:49:00.000-08:002011-11-29T10:49:25.457-08:00Evaluating Websites<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/gBe4WKcQzVI" width="420"></iframe></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-71597574131374456472011-11-26T15:36:00.001-08:002011-11-26T15:36:46.497-08:00THE FIVE W’S OF WEB SITE EVALUATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
THE FIVE W’S OF WEB SITE EVALUATION<br />
WHO<br />
Who wrote the pages and are they an expert?<br />
Is a biography of the author included?<br />
How can I find out more about the author?<br />
<br />
WHAT<br />
What does the author say is the purpose of the site?<br />
What else might the author have in mind for the site?<br />
What makes the site easy to use?<br />
What information is included and does this <br />
information differ from other sites?<br />
WHEN<br />
When was the site created?<br />
When was the site last updated?<br />
<br />
WHERE<br />
Where does the information come from?<br />
Where can I look to find out more about <br />
the sponsor of the site?<br />
<br />
WHY<br />
Why is this information useful for my purpose?<br />
Why should I use this information?<br />
Why is this page better than another?<br />
©2001-2009. Kathy Schrock. All rights reserved. Page may be reproduced for classroom use.<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-7386200385930941152011-11-08T10:52:00.000-08:002011-11-08T10:52:11.172-08:00Fallacies: Straw Figure/Man<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Fallacies: Straw Figure/Man<br />
</div><iframe width="560" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/v5vzCmURh7o" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-70984028099083741122011-11-07T11:01:00.001-08:002011-11-07T11:01:37.865-08:00Fallacy -- Red Herring Video<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Red Herring Fallacy Video</span><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><object style="height: 390px; width: 640px;"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/exdK7Lirngg?version=3&feature=player_detailpage"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/exdK7Lirngg?version=3&feature=player_detailpage" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" width="640" height="360"></object></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-59468234964944541292011-11-07T11:00:00.001-08:002011-11-07T11:00:11.060-08:00Fallacy: Slippery Slope<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
</div><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
Fallacy: Slippery Slope<br />
</div><object style="height: 390px; width: 640px"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/DtmAw9Ia7LA?version=3&feature=player_detailpage"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DtmAw9Ia7LA?version=3&feature=player_detailpage" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" width="640" height="360"></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-15662742425088361572011-11-01T09:14:00.001-07:002011-11-01T09:14:57.692-07:00Freemind Mind Mapping Software<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Freemind Mind Mapping Software<br />
<a href="http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-84557433251444893662011-10-18T10:15:00.000-07:002011-10-18T10:17:11.530-07:00-- W 00 -- .Student Blogs --<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://tanmoysblogforct-fseng75.blogspot.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Tanmoy's Blog</b> </span></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-8806367369766929812011-10-11T11:13:00.001-07:002011-10-11T11:13:57.250-07:00Blogger tutorial link<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Here is the link for the blogger youtube tutorial: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/BloggerHelp?blend=21&ob=5">http://www.youtube.com/user/BloggerHelp?blend=21&ob=5</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-47627379731336886052011-10-09T13:45:00.000-07:002011-10-09T13:47:56.134-07:00Harvard University’s list of skills that make an “educated personHere’s Harvard University’s list of skills that make an “educated person”:<br />
<br />
The ability to define problems without a guide.<br />
<br />
The ability to ask hard questions which challenge prevailing assumptions.<br />
<br />
The ability to quickly assimilate needed data from masses of irrelevant information.<br />
<br />
The ability to work in teams without guidance.<br />
<br />
The ability to work absolutely alone.<br />
<br />
The ability to persuade others that your course is the right one.<br />
<br />
The ability to conceptualize and reorganize information into new patterns.<br />
<br />
The ability to discuss ideas with an eye toward application.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The ability to think inductively, deductively and dialectically.<br />
<br />
The ability to attack problems heuristically.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-8201047678388838152011-10-04T08:55:00.001-07:002011-10-04T08:55:59.559-07:00CRCB C6 Details -- Exercise<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoHeading7">details chapter opener material<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are several reasons why Nanosin is the best antacid on the market. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If you suffer from persistent heartburn for two or more days a week, even though you’ve taken medication and changed your diet, Nanosin, the stronger antacid, will help you. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nanosin works twice as fast as any other antacid. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">All of its ingredients are natural. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Once daily dose provides complete resolution of heartburn symptoms. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nanocin has none of the side effects you often experience with other antacids. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Not only is Nanosin less expensive compared to other brands, but order now and you will receive one additional bottle free.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">______________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Brute force, no matter how strongly applied, can never subdue the basic desire for freedom and dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">______________________________________________________________________________</span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-91335266632882515972011-09-26T20:29:00.000-07:002011-09-26T20:29:12.858-07:00MARK TWAIN QUOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
MARK TWAIN QUOTES<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.</li>
<li>Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.</li>
<li>Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest.</li>
<li>Be careful in your dress if you will, but keep a tidy soul.</li>
<li>Better a broken promise than none at all.</li>
<li>By trying we can easily endure adversity. Another man’s, I mean.</li>
<li>Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.</li>
<li>Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear, not absence of fear.</li>
<li>Education consists mainly of what we have unlearned.</li>
<li>Everything has its limit – iron ore cannot be educated into gold.</li>
<li>Familiarity breeds contempt – and children.</li>
<li>Few things are harder to put up with than the annoyance of a good example.</li>
<li>He is now rising from affluence to poverty.</li>
<li>He is useless on top of the ground; he ought to be under it, inspiring the cabbages.</li>
<li>Honesty is the best policy – when there is money in it.</li>
<li>I have made a rule never to smoke more than one cigar at a time.</li>
<li>In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards.</li>
<li>It is better to deserve honors and not have them than to have them and not deserve them.</li>
<li>Loyalty to petrified opinion never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul.</li>
<li>Man – a creature made at the end of the week’s work when God was tired.</li>
<li>Man is the only creature that blushes – or needs to.</li>
<li>Man was made at the end of the week’s work when God was tired.</li>
<li>Man will do many things to get himself loved, he will do all things to get himself envied.</li>
<li>Many a small thing has been made large by the right kind of advertising.</li>
<li>Martyrdom covers a multitude of sins.</li>
<li>Necessity is the mother of taking chances.</li>
<li>Nothing so needs reforming as other people’s habits.</li>
<li>One of the most striking differences between a cat and a lie is that a cat has only nine lives.</li>
<li>Principles have no real force except when one is well-fed.</li>
<li>Prosperity is the best protector of principle.</li>
<li>Such is the human race, often it seems a pity that Noah…didn’t miss the boat.</li>
<li>Suppose you were an idiot, and suppose you were a member of Congress; but I repeat myself.</li>
<li>The more things are forbidden, the more popular they become.</li>
<li>The reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated.</li>
<li>The secret source of humor is not joy but sorrow; there is no humor in Heaven.</li>
<li>The very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid prejudice.</li>
<li>There are several good protections against temptation, but the surest is cowardice.</li>
<li>There is no sadder sight than a young pessimist.</li>
<li>Thunder is good, thunder is impressive; but it is lightning that does all the work.</li>
<li>To be good is noble; but to show others how to be good is nobler and no trouble.</li>
<li>Truth is the most valuable thing we have. Let us economize it.</li>
<li>When angry, count to four; when very angry, swear.</li>
<li>When in doubt, tell the truth.</li>
<li>When red-haired people are above a certain social grade, their hair is auburn.</li>
<li>When we remember we are all mad, the mysteries disappear and life stands explained.</li>
<li>When you fish for love, bait with your heart, not your brain.</li>
<li>Wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been.</li>
</ol><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-70580270027460488952011-09-17T12:47:00.001-07:002011-09-17T12:47:31.850-07:00Presentations -- Using Mind Maps<object style="height: 390px; width: 640px"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/twoS8NNapgU?version=3"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/twoS8NNapgU?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" width="640" height="390"></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-43587076293096264352011-09-13T09:09:00.001-07:002011-09-13T09:09:16.030-07:00ELEPHANT AND THE BLIND MEN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"></span><br />
<div align="center"><span style="color: maroon; font-size: x-small;"><strong>ELEPHANT AND THE BLIND MEN</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Once upon a time, there lived six blind men in a village. One day the villagers told them, "Hey, there is an elephant in the village today."</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">They had no idea what an elephant is. They decided, "Even though we would not be able to see it, let us go and feel it anyway." All of them went where the elephant was. Everyone of them touched the elephant.</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img align="left" height="244" hspace="12" src="http://www.jainworld.com/education/story25i1.gif" width="390" /></span></div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Hey, the elephant is a pillar," said the first man who touched his leg.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Oh, no! it is like a rope," said the second man who touched the tail.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Oh, no! it is like a thick branch of a tree," said the third man who touched the trunk<b> </b>of the elephant.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"It is like a big hand fan" said the fourth man who touched the ear of the elephant.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"It is like a huge wall," said the fifth man who touched the belly of the elephant.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"It is like a solid pipe," Said the sixth man who touched the tusk of the elephant.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">They began to argue about the elephant and everyone of them insisted that he was right. It looked like they were getting agitated. A wise man was passing by and he saw this. He stopped and asked them, "What is the matter?" They said, "We cannot agree to what the elephant is like." Each one of them told what he thought the elephant was like. The wise man calmly explained to them, "All of you are right. The reason every one of you is telling it differently because each one of you touched the different part of the elephant. So, actually the elephant has all those features what you all said."</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Oh!" everyone said. There was no more fight. They felt happy that they were all right.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The moral of the story is that there may be some truth to what someone says. Sometimes we can see that truth and sometimes not because they may have different perspective which we may not agree too. So, rather than arguing like the blind men, we should say, "Maybe you have your reasons." This way we don’t get in arguments. In Jainism, it is explained that truth can be stated in seven different ways. So, you can see how broad our religion is. It teaches us to be tolerant towards others for their viewpoints. This allows us to live in harmony with the people of different thinking. This is known as the Syadvada, Anekantvad, or the theory of Manifold Predictions.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-12677383542353033332011-09-12T15:10:00.000-07:002011-09-12T15:19:31.985-07:00Comprehension Levels Notes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jeg3JefLDdHcLIs4AUwKk3O6yqK22vlwBWZJdsUUK0j1FF16Oyu5kX_5DVDvgb5ZQPUUKBtNzTQFvTOJyNS2Irsi4wPE9HZJ_RoJb2Qd30DoXhmFpuL1Slt7c9IOAjTGaLo7LMgY-k4b/s1600/Levels+of++++Comprehension%25C2%25A0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jeg3JefLDdHcLIs4AUwKk3O6yqK22vlwBWZJdsUUK0j1FF16Oyu5kX_5DVDvgb5ZQPUUKBtNzTQFvTOJyNS2Irsi4wPE9HZJ_RoJb2Qd30DoXhmFpuL1Slt7c9IOAjTGaLo7LMgY-k4b/s1600/Levels+of++++Comprehension%25C2%25A0.png" /></a></div><h1 style="font-family: Georgia, 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', 'Copperplate Gothic Light', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.4em; text-align: center;"><br />
</h1><h1 style="font-family: Georgia, 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', 'Copperplate Gothic Light', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.4em; text-align: center;">Levels of Comprehension</h1><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;">The <b>three</b> levels of comprehension, or sophistication of thinking, are presented in the following hierarchy from the <b>least</b> to the <b>most</b> sophisticated level of reading.</div><ul style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><li style="margin-top: 2px;">Least = surface, simple reading</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Most = in-depth, complex reading</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia, 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold;">Level One</h3><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;"><b>LITERAL</b> - what is actually <b>stated</b>.</div><ul style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><li style="margin-top: 2px;">Facts and details</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Rote learning and memorization</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Surface understanding only</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;">TESTS in this category are <b>objective</b> tests dealing with true / false, multiple choice and fill-in-the blank questions.</div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;">Common questions used to illicit this type of thinking are <b>who, what, when,</b> and <b>where</b> questions.</div><h3 style="font-family: Georgia, 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold;">Level Two</h3><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;"><b>INTERPRETIVE</b> - what is <b>implied</b> or meant, rather than what is actually stated.</div><ul style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><li style="margin-top: 2px;">Drawing inferences</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Tapping into prior knowledge / experience</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Attaching new learning to old information</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Making logical leaps and educated guesses</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Reading between the lines to determine what is <b>meant</b> by what is <b>stated</b>.</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;">TESTS in this category are <b>subjective</b>, and the types of questions asked are open-ended, thought-provoking questions like <b>why, what if</b>, and <b>how</b>.</div><h3 style="font-family: Georgia, 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold;">Level Three</h3><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;"><b>APPLIED</b> - taking what was <b>said</b> (literal) and then what was <b>meant</b> by what was said (interpretive) and then extend (apply) the concepts or ideas beyond the situation.</div><ul style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><li style="margin-top: 2px;">Analyzing</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Synthesizing</li>
<li style="margin-top: 2px;">Applying</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;">In this level we are <b>analyzing</b> or <b>synthesizing</b> information and <b>applying</b> it to other information.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> from </span><a href="http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/as/303.HTM">http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/as/303.HTM</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-34836234955339565432011-09-12T15:08:00.000-07:002011-09-12T15:08:42.634-07:00Fact or Opinion Notes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Fact or Opinion<br />
from <a href="http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/as/310.HTM">http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/as/310.HTM</a><br />
<br />
Because writers don't always say things directly, sometimes it is difficult to figure out what a writer really means or what he or she is really trying to say. You need to learn to "read between the lines" - to take the information the writer gives you and figure things out for yourself.<br />
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You will also need to learn to distinguish between fact and opinion. Writers often tell us what they think or how they feel, but they don't always give us the facts. It's important to be able to interpret what the writer is saying so you can form opinions of your own. As you read an author's views, you should ask yourself if the author is presenting you with an established fact or with a personal opinion. Since the two may appear close together, even in the same sentence, you have to be able to distinguish between them.<br />
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The key difference between facts and opinions is that facts can be verified, or checked for accuracy, by anyone. In contrast, opinions cannot be checked for accuracy by some outside source. Opinions are what someone personally thinks or how he/she feel about an issue. Opinions by definition are subjective and relative.<br />
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Defining A Fact<br />
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Facts are objective, concrete bits of information. They can be found in official government and legal records, and in the physical sciences. Facts can be found in reference books, such as encyclopedias and atlases, textbooks, and relevant publications. Objective facts are what researchers seek in laboratories or through controlled studies. Facts are usually expressed by precise numbers or quantities, in weights and measures, and in concrete language. The decisions of Congress, specific technological data, birth records, historical documents, all provide researchers with reliable facts.<br />
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Since anyone can look up facts, facts are generally not the subject of disputes. However, not all facts are absolutes. Often the problem is that facts are simply not readily available - such as battles like the Little/Big Horn where all the witnesses who could give information on what happened died in the disaster.<br />
<br />
In 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry engaged in a fight with Sioux Indians along the Little/Big Horn Rivers in Montana. Custer and his entire company were wiped out; no one survived to tell what really happened.<br />
In this instance, we can only read opinions on how this disaster befell Custer.<br />
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To sum up, facts<br />
<br />
can be verified in reference books, official records, and so forth.<br />
are expressed in concrete language or specific numbers.<br />
once verified, are generally agreed upon by people.<br />
Determining An Opinion<br />
<br />
Opinions are based on subjective judgment and personal values rather than on information that can be verified. An opinion is a belief that someone holds without complete proof or positive knowledge that it is correct. Even experts who have studied the same issue carefully often have very different opinions about that issue.<br />
<br />
Opinions are often disputed, and many times involve abstract concepts and complex moral issues such as right or wrong, fairness and loyalty. Abstract concepts, because they are not easily understood, can never be defined to everyone's satisfaction. For example, each of us holds a personal opinion about what fairness or loyalty is, about gun control and abortion, and these issues always remain a matter of opinion, not fact.<br />
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Although opinions cannot be verified for accuracy, writers should, nevertheless, back their opinions with evidence, facts, and reason - by whatever information supports the opinion and convinces the reader that it is a valid opinion. A valid opinion is one in which the writer's support for his or her opinion is solid and persuasive, and one in which the writer cites other respected authorities who are in agreement. If a writer presents an extreme or unconvincing opinion, the reader should remain wary or unconvinced.<br />
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Writers often slip their personal opinions into a piece of writing, even when it is suppose to be a "factual" account; alert readers can identify subjective opinions by studying the writer's language.<br />
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Opinions are often expressed as comparisons (more, strongest, less, most, least efficient, but):<br />
The painter Pablo Picasso was far more innovative than any of his contemporaries.<br />
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Opinions are often expressed by adjectives (brilliant, vindictive, fair, trustworthy):<br />
Ronald Reagan was a convincing speaker when he read a prepared address but was not effective at press conferences.<br />
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Opinions often involve evaluations:<br />
The excellence of her science project was a model for other students.<br />
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Opinions are often introduced by verbs and adverbs that suggest some doubt in the writer's mind:<br />
It appears she was confused.<br />
She seems to have the qualifications for the position.<br />
They probably used dirty tricks to win.<br />
<br />
Some opinions obviously deserve more attention than others do. When expert economists, such as John Kenneth Galbraith or Paul Volcher, discuss the U.S. economy, their opinions are more informed and therefore more reliable than the opinions of people who know very little about economic policy. Similarly, when someone is a specialist on the poet John Keats, that person's opinion of Keat's poems should be given considerable weight.<br />
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Become an alert and critical reader. Understand the differences between facts and opinions, and interpret and apply both into your critical thinking.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-25388896665629026882011-09-10T14:50:00.001-07:002011-09-10T14:54:38.423-07:00Fact or Opinion? Quiz<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ff9966;"></span><br />
<h1 align="center">Fact or Opinion?</h1><div>from <a href="http://cuip.uchicago.edu/www4teach/97/jlyman/default/quiz/factopquiz.html">http://cuip.uchicago.edu/www4teach/97/jlyman/default/quiz/factopquiz.html</a></div><div><br />
</div>When a sentence is a fact, click the circle next to fact. When a sentence is an opinion, click the circle next to opinion.<br />
<form name="quiz">1. Mr. Jones has two sons and one daughter.<br />
<input name="q1" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q1" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
2. That picture is by Rembrandt.<br />
<input name="q2" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q2" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
3. Her house is really beautiful.<br />
<input name="q3" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q3" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
4. My friend has six fingers on one hand.<br />
<input name="q4" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q4" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
5. That boy is the nicest person in the school.<br />
<input name="q5" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q5" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
6. The group will stop in Denver overnight.<br />
<input name="q6" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q6" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
7. L. Frank Baum wrote "The Wizard of Oz".<br />
<input name="q7" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q7" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
8. I will finish before the rest of the class.<br />
<input name="q8" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q8" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
9. The Bulls are better than the Knicks.<br />
<input name="q9" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q9" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
10. Nine plus one equals ten.<br />
<input name="q10" type="radio" value="Fact" /> Fact<br />
<input name="q10" type="radio" value="Opinion" /> Opinion<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">1. Fact</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">2. Fact</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">3. Opinion</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">4. Fact</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">5. Opinion</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">6. Fact</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">7. Fact</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">8. Opinion</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">9. Opinion</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">10. Fact</span></form></div><br />
`````````````````````````````Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-37569282756530001032011-09-06T08:42:00.001-07:002011-09-06T08:42:39.982-07:00priori and posteriori<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1471px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">"A posteriori" redirects here. For the Enigma album, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_posteriori_(album)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="A posteriori (album)">A posteriori (album)</a>.</div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">"Apriori" redirects here. For the algorithm, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apriori_algorithm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Apriori algorithm">Apriori algorithm</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The terms <i><b>a priori</b></i> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Prior (disambiguation)">prior</a> to") and <i><b>a posteriori</b></i> ("<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Posterior (disambiguation)">posterior</a> to") are used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>) to distinguish two types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, justifications or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Argument">arguments</a>. <i>A priori</i> knowledge or justification is independent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Experience">experience</a> (for example 'All bachelors are unmarried'); <i>a posteriori</i> knowledge or justification is dependent on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Experience">experience</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Empirical">empirical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Evidence">evidence</a> (for example 'Some bachelors are very happy'). <i>A posteriori</i> justification makes reference to experience; but the issue concerns how one knows the proposition or claim in question—what justifies or grounds one's belief in it. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Strawson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a> wrote that an <i>a priori</i> argument is one in which "you can see that it is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="True">true</a> just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> There are many points of view on these two types of assertions, and their relationship is one of the oldest problems in modern philosophy.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">See also the related distinctions: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic-synthetic_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Analytic-synthetic distinction">analytic/synthetic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Contingency (philosophy)">necessary/contingent</a>.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Introduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Use_of_the_terms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Use of the terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#The_intuitive_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The intuitive distinction</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#History_of_use" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History of use</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Early_uses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Immanuel_Kant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Immanuel Kant</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Johann_Fichte" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Johann Fichte</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Analyticity_and_necessity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Analyticity and necessity</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Relation_to_the_analytic-synthetic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to the analytic-synthetic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Relation_to_the_necessary.2Fcontingent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to the necessary/contingent</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Notes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#Further_reading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction">Introduction</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Use of the terms">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_the_terms">Use of the terms</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The terms "<i>a priori</i>" and "<i>a posteriori</i>" are used in philosophy to distinguish two different types of knowledge, justification, or argument: 'a priori knowledge' is known independently of experience (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Conceptual">conceptual</a> knowledge), and 'a posteriori knowledge' is proven through experience. Thus, they are primarily used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> to modify the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Noun">noun</a> "knowledge", or taken to be compound nouns that refer to types of knowledge (for example, "<i>a priori</i> knowledge"). However, "<i>a priori</i>" is sometimes used as an adjective to modify other nouns, such as "truth". Additionally, philosophers often modify this use. For example, "apriority" and "aprioricity" are sometimes used as nouns to refer (approximately) to the quality of being <i>a priori</i>."</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The intuitive distinction">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_intuitive_distinction">The intuitive distinction</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although definitions and use of the terms have varied in the history of philosophy, they have consistently labelled two separate epistemological notions. The intuitive distinction between <i>a priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> knowledge is best seen in examples. To borrow from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a> (2004), take, for example, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Proposition (philosophy)">proposition</a> expressed by the sentence, "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." This is something (if true) that one must come to know <i>a posteriori</i>, because it expresses an empirical fact unknowable by reason alone. By contrast, consider the proposition, "If George V reigned at all, then he reigned for a finite period of time." This is something that one knows <i>a priori</i>, because it expresses a statement that one <i>can</i> derive by reason alone.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History of use">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_use">History of use</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Early uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_uses">Early uses</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The phrases "<i>a priori</i>" and "<i>a posteriori</i>" are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "from what comes before" and "from what comes later" (or, less literally, "[from first principles, but] before experience" and "after experience"). An early philosophical use of what might be considered a notion of <i>a priori</i> knowledge (though not called by that name) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Innatism">theory of recollection</a>, related in the dialogue <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Meno">Meno</a></i> (380 B.C.), according to which something like <i>a priori</i> knowledge is knowledge inherent, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_and_extrinsic_properties_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)">intrinsic</a> in the human mind.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Immanuel Kant">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Eighteenth-century German philosopher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1781) advocated a blend of rationalist and empiricist theories. Kant states, "although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises from experience"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kant_1781_1-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-kant_1781-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Kant, <i>a priori</i> knowledge is transcendental, or based on the <i>form</i> of all possible experience, while <i>a posteriori</i> knowledge is empirical, based on the <i>content</i> of experience. Kant states, "... it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions, and that which the faculty of cognition supplies from itself (sensuous impressions giving merely the <i>occasion</i>)."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kant_1781_1-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-kant_1781-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, unlike the empiricists, Kant thinks that <i>a priori</i> knowledge is independent of the content of experience; moreover, unlike the rationalists, Kant thinks that <i>a priori</i> knowledge, in its pure form, that is without the admixture of any empirical content, is knowledge limited to the deduction of the conditions of possible experience. These <i>a priori</i>, or transcendental conditions, are seated in one's cognitive faculties, and are not provided by experience in general or any experience in particular. Kant nominated and explored the possibility of a transcendental logic with which to consider the deduction of the <i>a priori</i> in its pure form. Concepts such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Time">time</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cause">cause</a> are counted among the list of pure <i>a priori</i> forms. Kant reasoned that the pure <i>a priori</i> forms are established via his <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_aesthetic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Transcendental aesthetic">transcendental aesthetic</a> and transcendental logic. He claimed that the human subject would not have the kind of experience that it has were these <i>a priori</i> forms not in some way constitutive of him as a human subject. For instance, he would not experience the world as an orderly, rule-governed place unless time and cause were operative in his cognitive faculties. The claim is more formally known as Kant's transcendental deduction and it is the central argument of his major work, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>. The transcendental deduction does not avoid the fact or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a> of time and cause, but does, in its consideration of a possible logic of the <i>a priori</i>, attempt to make the case for the fact of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>, what constitutes subjectivity and what relation it holds with objectivity and the empirical.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Johann Fichte">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Johann_Fichte">Johann Fichte</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">After Kant's death, a number of philosophers saw themselves as correcting and expanding his philosophy, leading to the various forms of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Idealism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="German Idealism">German Idealism</a>. One of these philosophers was <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Fichte" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Johann Fichte">Johann Fichte</a>. His student (and critic), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, accused him of rejecting the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge:</div><blockquote class="toccolours" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: table; float: none; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 10px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">...Fichte who, because the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing-in-itself" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thing-in-itself">thing-in-itself</a> had just been discredited, at once prepared a system without any thing-in-itself. Consequently, he rejected the assumption of anything that was not through and through merely our <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_(psychology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Representation (psychology)">representation</a>, and therefore let the knowing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> be all in all or at any rate produce everything from its own resources. For this purpose, he at once did away with the essential and most meritorious part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kant">Kantian</a> doctrine, the distinction between <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)">a priori</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_posteriori" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="A posteriori">a posteriori</a></i> and thus that between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a> and the thing-in-itself. For he declared everything to be <i>a priori</i>, naturally without any evidence for such a monstrous assertion; instead of these, he gave sophisms and even crazy sham demonstrations whose absurdity was concealed under the mask of profundity and of the incomprehensibility ostensibly arising therefrom. Moreover, he appealed boldly and openly to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuition</a>, that is, really to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Invention">inspiration</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: right;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Schopenhauer, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a></i>, Vol. I, §13</cite></div></blockquote><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Analyticity and necessity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Analyticity_and_necessity">Analyticity and necessity</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relation to the analytic-synthetic">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_the_analytic-synthetic">Relation to the analytic-synthetic</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">For more details on this topic, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic-synthetic_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Analytic-synthetic distinction">Analytic-synthetic distinction</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Several philosophers reacting to Kant sought to explain <i>a priori</i> knowledge without appealing to, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boghossian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Boghossian">Paul Boghossian</a> (MD) explains, "a special faculty...that has never been described in satisfactory terms."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boghossian_1996_2-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-Boghossian_1996-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> One theory, popular among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Logical positivism">logical positivists</a> of the early twentieth century, is what Boghossian calls the "analytic explanation of the a priori."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boghossian_1996_2-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-Boghossian_1996-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The distinction between <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic-synthetic_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Analytic-synthetic distinction">analytic and synthetic propositions</a> was first introduced by Kant. While Kant's original distinction was primarily drawn in terms of conceptual containment, the contemporary version of the distinction primarily involves, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a> put it, the notions of "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Analytic</i> propositions are thought to be true in virtue of their meaning alone, while <i>a priori synthetic</i> propositions are thought to be true in virtue of their meaning <i>and</i> certain facts about the world. According to the analytic explanation of the <i>a priori</i>, all <i>a priori</i> knowledge is analytic; so <i>a priori</i> knowledge need not require a special faculty of pure intuition, since it can be accounted for simply by one's ability to understand the meaning of the proposition in question. In short, proponents of this explanation claimed to have reduced a dubious metaphysical faculty of pure reason to a legitimate linguistic notion of analyticity.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">However, the analytic explanation of <i>a priori</i> knowledge has undergone several criticisms. Most notably, the American philosopher <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._V._O._Quine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="W. V. O. Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a> (1951) argued that the analytic-synthetic distinction is illegitimate (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine#Rejection_of_the_analytic-synthetic_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine's rejection of the analytic-synthetic distinction</a>). Quine states: "But for all its a priori reasonableness, a boundary between analytic and synthetic statements simply has not been drawn. That there is such a distinction to be drawn at all is an unempirical dogma of empiricists, a metaphysical article of faith."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> While the soundness of Quine's critique is highly disputed, it had a powerful effect on the project of explaining the <i>a priori</i> in terms of the analytic.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relation to the necessary/contingent">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_the_necessary.2Fcontingent">Relation to the necessary/contingent</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The metaphysical distinction between necessary and contingent truths has also been related to <i>a priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> knowledge. A proposition that is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Modal logic">necessarily true</a></i> is one whose negation is self-contradictory (thus, it is said to be true in every <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Possible world">possible world</a>). Consider the proposition that all bachelors are unmarried. Theoretically, its negation, the proposition that some bachelors are married, is incoherent, because the concept of being unmarried (or the meaning of the word "unmarried") is part of the concept of being a bachelor (or part of the definition of the word "bachelor"). To the extent that contradictions are impossible, self-contradictory propositions are necessarily false, because it is impossible for them to be true. Thus, the negation of a self-contradictory proposition is supposed to be necessarily true. By contrast, a proposition that is <i>contingently true</i> is one whose negation is not self-contradictory (thus, it is said that it is <i>not</i> true in every possible world). As Jason Baehr states, it seems plausible that all necessary propositions are known <i>a priori</i>, because "[s]ense experience can tell us only about the actual world and hence about what is the case; it can say nothing about what must or must not be the case."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Following Kant, some philosophers have considered the relationship between aprioricity, analyticity, and necessity to be extremely close. According to Jerry Fodor, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Logical positivism">Positivism</a>, in particular, took it for granted that a priori truths must be necessary...."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>However, since Kant, the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions had slightly changed. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic-synthetic_distinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Analytic-synthetic distinction">Analytic propositions</a> were largely taken to be "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> while synthetic propositions were not—one must conduct some sort of empirical investigation, looking to the world, to determine the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-value" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Truth-value">truth-value</a> of synthetic propositions.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Aprioricity, analyticity, and necessity have since been more clearly separated from each other. The American philosopher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a> (1972), for example, provided strong arguments against this position. Kripke argued that there are necessary <i>a posteriori</i>truths, such as the proposition that water is H<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>O (if it is true). According to Kripke, this statement is necessarily true (since water and H<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>O are the same thing, they are identical in every possible world, and truths of identity are logically necessary) and <i>a posteriori</i> (since it is known only through empirical investigation). Following such considerations of Kripke and others (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>), philosophers tend to distinguish more clearly the notion of aprioricity from that of necessity and analyticity.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kripke's definitions of these terms, however, diverge in subtle ways from those of Kant. Taking these differences into account, Kripke's controversial analysis of naming as contingent and a priori would best fit into Kant's epistemological framework by calling it "analytic a posteriori".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Thus, the relationship between aprioricity, necessity, and analyticity is not easy to discern. However, most philosophers at least seem to agree that while the various distinctions may overlap, the notions are clearly not identical: the <i>a priori</i>/<i>a posteriori</i>distinction is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a>, the analytic/synthetic distinction is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a>, and the necessary/contingent distinction is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (Sommers, 2003)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears from September 2010">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-kant_1781-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-kant_1781_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-kant_1781_1-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Kant (1781), introduction, §I.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Boghossian_1996-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-Boghossian_1996_2-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-Boghossian_1996_2-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Boghossian (1996), p. 363.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Quine (1951), p. 21.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Quine (1951), p. 34.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Baehr (2006), §3.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Fodor (1998), p. 86.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Quine (1951), §1.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Palmquist&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen Palmquist (page does not exist)">Stephen Palmquist</a>, "A Priori Knowledge in Perspective: (II) Naming, Necessity and the Analytic A Posteriori", The Review of Metaphysics 41:2 (December 1987), pp.255-282. See also "A Priori Knowledge in Perspective: (I) Mathematics, Method and Pure Intuition", The Review of Metaphysics 41:1 (September 1987), pp.3-22. In this pair of articles, Palmquist demonstrates that the context often determines how a particular proposition should be classified. A proposition that is synthetic a posteriori in one context might be analytic a priori in another.</li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> See Baehr (2006), §2 & §3.</li>
</ol></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="references-small"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Baehr, Jason. (2006). "<a class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/apriori" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A Priori and A Posteriori</a>," <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Boghossian, Paul. (1996). "<a class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/boghossian/papers/AnalyticityReconsidered.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Analyticity Reconsidered</a>," <i>Nous</i>, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 360–391.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fodor, Jerry. (1998). <i>Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kant, Immanuel. (1787). <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i>, trans. N.K. Smith (London: Macmillan, 1929). <a class="external text" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/cpr/toc.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Online text</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sommers, Tamler: "<a class="external text" href="http://www.believermag.com/issues/200303/?read=interview_strawson" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The buck stops—where? Living without ultimate responsibility</a>" (<i>The Believer</i>, March 2003).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Quine, W. V. O. (1951). "<a class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a>", <i>The Philosophical Review</i>, Vol. 60, pp. 20–43. (Reprinted in Quine's <i>From a Logical Point of View</i>, Harvard University Press, 1953.)</li>
</ul></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Boghossian, P. & Peacocke, C., eds. (2000). <i>New Essays on the A Priori</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Descartes, René. (1641). "<a class="external text" href="http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Meditations on First Philosophy</a>". In Cottingham, et al. (eds.), <i>The Philosophical Writings of Descartes</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1984.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fodor, Jerry. (2004). "Water's water everywhere", <i>London Review of Books</i>, Vol. 26, No. 20, dated 21 October 2004.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Greenberg, Robert. "<a class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.psu.edu/books/titles/0-271-02083-0.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Kant's Theory of A Priori Knowledge</a>", Penn State Press, 2001 <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271020830" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-271-02083-0</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Heisenberg, Werner. (1958). "Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science", pp. 76–92. New York: Harper & Row.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hume, David. (1777). <i><a class="external text" href="http://eserver.org/18th/hume-enquiry.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, Nidditch, P. N. (ed.), 3rd. ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jenkins, C. S. (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119423031/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A Priori Knowledge: Debates and Developments</a>, in <i>Philosophy Compass</i> 3.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kant, Immanuel. (1783). <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolegomena_to_any_Future_Metaphysics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics</a></i>, Paul Carus (trans.). <a class="external text" href="http://eserver.org/philosophy/kant-prolegomena.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Online text</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kripke, Saul. (1972). "Naming and Necessity", in <i>Semantics of Natural Language</i>, edited by D. Davidson and G. Harman, Boston: Reidel. (Reprinted in 1980 as <i>Naming and Necessity</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Leibniz, Gottfried. (1714). <i><a class="external text" href="http://www.rbjones.com/rbjpub/philos/classics/leibniz/monad.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Monadology</a></i>, in <i>Philosophical Essays</i>, edited and translated by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Locke, John. (1689). <i><a class="external text" href="http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/locke_understanding.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, Prometheus Books.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Palmquist&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen Palmquist (page does not exist)">Palmquist, Stephen</a>. (1987). "Knowledge and Experience - An Examination of the Four Reflective 'Perspectives' in Kant's Critical Philosophy", Kant-Studien 78:2, pp. 170–200; revised and reprinted as Chapter IV in <a class="external text" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Kant's System of Perspectives</i></a>: <i>An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy</i>. University Press of America, 1993.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Plato. (380 B.C.). <i><a class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/meno.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Meno</a></i>, in <i>Plato: Complete Works</i>, Cooper, J. M. (ed.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socrates.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Socrates.png" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/apriori.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"A Priori and A Posteriori"</a> — an article by Jason Baehr in the <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/a5.htm#a-pr" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A priori / a posteriori</a> — in the Philosophical Dictionary online.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Rationalism vs. Empiricism"</a> — an article by Peter Markie in the <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</li>
<li></li>
</ul></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-35173067650337011032011-08-30T10:21:00.001-07:002011-08-30T10:21:46.228-07:00Observation Skills<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b>Observe Your Subject Closely</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">The first step in critical thinking is carefully examining your subject. Avoid making immediate judgments, but accurately and objectively record facts. You might review Samuel Scudder's essay <i>Take This Fish and Look at It</i> in your textbook. Scudder emphasizes the importance of close observation. Too often we "look" at things but never truly "see" them.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Record Notes In Objective Language</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">In taking notes, be aware of connotations. Avoid making stereotypical judgments. Are the people you observe <i>gathering</i> or <i>loitering</i> in a park? Are they <i>bums</i>, <i>drifters</i>, or the <i>homeless</i>? Are they <i>victims</i> or <i>derelicts</i>? Ask yourself how other people might view your subject. In dealing with controversial issues, you might consider recording observations in dual notation system, pairing positive and negative connotations. You might describe politicians as being <i>bold/reckless</i> or<i>cautious/cowardly</i> or <i>traditional/old-fashioned</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Avoid Making Immediate Assumptions</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">In studying your subject, avoid making assumptions until you have collected and examined sufficient evidence. The fact that a store is crowded with shoppers does not prove that the business is profitable. The past performance of a mutual fund does not guarantee that its value will increase in the future. A successful teacher cannot be assumed to be an effective principal.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Look At the Big Picture</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Following the dramatic mass shooting at Columbine High School, television news programs featured numerous commentators lamenting about the lack of values among American young people -- ignoring evidence that the mass of teenagers in the 1990s were less likely to drink, take drugs, drop out of school, commit crimes, or engage in premarital sex than their parents. Because airplane crashes often kill hundreds in a single dramatic incident, many people are afraid to fly. Those same people, however, rarely show the same fear about driving -- which is far more dangerous. <i>Don't allow a single situation or chain of events -- no matter how shocking or dramatic -- to shape your perception of an issue or topic. Examine other forms of evidence.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ask Questions about Your Topic</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Posing questions can help you avoid making assumptions by suggesting alternative ways of looking at your subject and indicating needed research. Asking questions can help sharpen your observations. If you enter a crowded store, you might ask yourself some questions before assuming the business is a gold mine. How many of the shoppers are looking and how many are actually buying? What are they purchasing -- low profit sale items or full-priced merchandise? Does the store have more employees or more expensive features than its competitors? Does the store's success depend on massive advertising or costly promotions? Is the store located in expensive location that would inflate its overhead?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Discuss Your Ideas with Others</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">In order to detect blind spots in your thinking, talk to friends or other students. Ask their opinions of your topic. Pose a question on a computer bulletin board or use a chat room to solicit the views of other people. Even a humorous or sarcastic comment by a stranger may lead you to look at your topic in new way.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">from <a href="http://infotrac.thomsonlearning.com/infowrite/wr_critthink.htm">http://infotrac.thomsonlearning.com/infowrite/wr_critthink.htm</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-20542234324630177202011-08-30T09:04:00.001-07:002011-08-30T09:04:29.403-07:00Look at Your Fish -- Samuel H. Scudder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">It was more than fifteen years ago that I entered the laboratory of Professor Agassiz, and told him I had enrolled my name in the scientific school as a student of natural history. He asked me a few questions about my object in coming, my antecedents generally, the mode in which I afterwards proposed to use the knowledge I might acquire, and finally, whether I wished to study any special branch. To the latter I replied that while I wished to be well grounded in all departments of zoology, I purposed to devote myself specially to insects.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"When do you wish to begin?" he asked.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Now," I replied.</div><div class="MsoNormal">This seemed to please him, and with an energetic "Very well," he reached from a shelf a huge jar of specimens in yellow alcohol.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Take this fish," said he, "and look at it; we call it a haemulon; by and by I will ask what you have seen."</div><div class="MsoNormal">With that he left me, but in a moment returned with explicit instructions as to the care of the object entrusted to me.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"No man is fit to be a naturalist," said he, "who does not know how to take care of specimens."</div><div class="MsoNormal">I was to keep the fish before me in a tin tray,and occasionally moisten the surface with alcohol from the jar, always taking care to replace the stopper tightly. Those were not the days of ground glass stoppers, and elegantly shaped exhibition jars; all the old students will recall the huge, neckless glass bottles with their leaky, wax-besmeared corks, half eaten by insects and begrimed with cellar dust. Entomology was a cleaner science than ichthyology, but the example of the professor, who had unhesitatingly plunged to the bottom of the jar to produce the fish, was infectious; and though this alcohol had "a very ancient and fish-like smell," I really dared not show any aversion within these sacred precincts, and treated the alcohol as though it were pure water. Still I was conscious of a passing feeling of disappointment, for gazing at a fish did not commend itself to an ardent entomologist. My friends at home, too, were annoyed, when they discovered that no eau de cologne would drown the perfume which haunted me like a shadow.</div><div class="MsoNormal">In ten minutes I had seen all that could be seen in that fish, and started in search of the professor, who had however left the museum; and when I returned, after lingering over some of the odd animals stored in the upper apartment, my specimen was dry all over. I dashed the fluid over the fish as if to resuscitate the beast from a fainting fit, and looked with anxiety for a return of the normal, sloppy appearance. This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. Half an hour passed--an hour--another hour; the fish began to look loathsome. I turned it over and around; looked it in the face--ghastly; from behind, beneath, above, sideways, at a three-quarters view--just as ghastly. I was in despair; at an early hour I concluded that lunch was necessary; so, with infinite relief, the fish was carefully replaced in the jar, and for an hour I was free.</div><div class="MsoNormal">On my return, I learned that Professor Agassiz had been at the museum, but had gone and would not return for several hours. My fellow-students were too busy to be disturbed by continued conversation. Slowly I drew forth that hideous fish, and with a feeling of desperation again looked at it. I might not use a magnifying glass; instruments of all kinds were interdicted. My two hands, my two eyes, and the fish: it seemed a most limited field. I pushed my finger down its throat to feel how sharp the teeth were. I began to count the scales in the different rows until I was convinced that that was nonsense. At last a happy thought struck me--I would draw the fish; and now with surprise I began to discover new features in the creature. Just then the professor returned.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"That is right," said he; "a pencil is one of the best of eyes. I am glad to notice, too, that you keep your specimen wet, and your bottle corked."</div><div class="MsoNormal">With these encouraging words, he added, "Well, what is it like?"</div><div class="MsoNormal">He listened attentively to my brief rehearsal of the structure of parts whose names were still unknown to me; the fringed gill-arches and movable operculum; the pores of the head, fleshy lips and lidless eyes; the lateral line, the spinous fins, and forked tail; the compressed and arched body. When I had finished, he waited as if expecting more, and then, with an air of disappointment: "You have not looked very carefully; why," he continued, more earnestly, "you haven't even see one of the most conspicuous features of the animal, which is as plainly before your eyes as the fish itself; look again, look again!" and he left me to my misery.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> was piqued; I was mortified. Still more of that wretched fish! But now I set myself to my task with a will, and discovered one new thing after another, until I saw how just the professor's criticism had been. The afternoon passed quickly, and when, towards its close, the professor inquired:</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Do you see it yet?"</div><div class="MsoNormal">"No," I replied, "I am certain I do not, but I see how little I saw before."</div><div class="MsoNormal">"That is the next best," said he earnestly, "but I won't hear you now; put away your fish and go home; perhaps you will be ready with a better answer in the morning. I will examine you before you look at the fish."</div><div class="MsoNormal">This was disconcerting; not only must I think of my fish all night, studying without the object before me, what this unknown but most visible feature might be; but also, without reviewing my new discoveries, I must give an exact account of them the next day. I had a bad memory; so I walked home by the Charles River in a distracted state, with my two perplexities.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The cordial greeting from the professor the next morning was reassuring; here was a man who seemed to be quite as anxious as I that I should see for myself what he saw.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Do you perhaps mean," I asked, "that the fish has symmetrical sides with paired organs?"</div><div class="MsoNormal">His thoroughly pleased "Of course! of course!" repaid the wakeful hours of the previous night. After he had discoursed most happily and enthusiastically--as he always did--upon the importance of this point, I ventured to ask what I should do next.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Oh, look at your fish!" he said, and left me again to my own devices. In a little more than an hour he returned and heard my new catalogue.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"That is good, that is good!" he repeated; "but that is not all; go on"; and so for three long days he placed that fish before my eyes; forbidding me to look at anything else, or to use any artificial aid. "Look, look, look," was his repeated injunction.</div><div class="MsoNormal">This was the best entomological lesson I ever had--a lesson, whose influence has extended to the details of every subsequent study; a legacy the professor has left to me, as he has left it to many others, of inestimable value, which we could not buy, with which we cannot part.</div><div class="MsoNormal">A year afterward, some of us were amusing ourselves with chalking outlandish beasts upon the museum blackboard. We drew prancing star-fishes; frogs in mortal combat; hydra-headed worms; stately crawfishes, standing on their tails, bearing aloft umbrellas; and grotesque fishes with gaping mouths and staring eyes. The professor came in shortly after and was as amused as any at our experiments. He looked at the fishes.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Haemulons, every one of them," he said; "Mr. ----- drew them."</div><div class="MsoNormal">True; and to this day, if I attempt a fish, I can draw nothing but haemulons.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The fourth day, a second fish of the same group was placed beside the first, and I was bidden to point out the resemblances and differences between the two; another and another followed, until the entire family lay before me, and a whole legion of jars covered the table and surrounding shelves; the odor had become a pleasant perfume; and even now, the sight of an old, six-inch, worm eaten cork brings fragrant memories!</div><div class="MsoNormal">The whole group of haemulons was thus brought in review; and, whether engaged upon the dissection of the internal organs, the preparation and examination of the bony framework, or the description of the various parts, Agassiz's training in the method of observing facts and their orderly arrangement, was ever accompanied by the urgent exhortation not to be content with them.</div><div class="MsoNormal">"Facts are stupid things," he would say, "until brought into connection with some general law."</div><div class="MsoNormal">At the end of eight months, it was almost with reluctance that I left these friends and turned to insects; but what I had gained by this outside experience has been of greater value than years of later investigation in my favorite groups.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i>This version of the essay "Look at Your Fish!" originally appeared in </i>Every Saturday: A Journal of Choice Reading<i> (April 4, 1874) under the title "In the Laboratory With Agassiz," by "A Former Pupil."</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-43567482042479097232011-08-10T14:30:00.000-07:002011-11-15T09:21:28.709-08:00-- 00 -- Syllabus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 22pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="LSealFacingLeft.PNG" id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 73.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 72.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="LSealFacingLeft" src="file:///C:\Users\sysr\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 22pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 18pt;">Lincoln University</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black;">COURSE SYLLABUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 716px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Course Title: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Critical Thinking</span></b><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Instructor: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Dr. Sylvia Y. S. Rippel<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 23.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Course No.:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">English 75</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Email: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:sysr@lincolnuca.edu"><span style="color: blue;">sysr@lincolnuca.edu</span></a><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Units: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Course email: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:profsylvia@gmail.com"><span style="color: blue;">profsylvia@gmail.com</span></a><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Semester:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Fall 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Office hours: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">T, Th 11:45-12:30 <br />
& Arranged<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Class Day:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Tudays<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Location: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Room 307 <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Class Time<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.55pt;" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">9:00-10:15, 10:30-11:45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.0pt;" width="69"></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.45pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Office phone:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.5pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">510-628-8036<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">Instructional Materials and References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">REQUIRED TEXTS</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.7in;" valign="top" width="547"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Mayfield, M. (2010). Thinking for yourself. (8th Ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning: Wadsworth. (TFY)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">ISBN: 978-1-4282-3144-3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Daiek, D., &; Anter, N. (2004) Critical reading for college and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill. (CRCB)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">ISBN: 0072473762</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">RECOMMENDED TEXT</span></b><span style="color: black;">:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.7in;" valign="top" width="547"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Harris, Robert. A. Creative Problem Solving. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, 2002. (CPS)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;"> ISBN: 1-884585-43-4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">COMPANION SITES</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinle.com%2Fcgi-wadsworth%2Fcourse_products_wp.pl%3Ffid%3DM20b%26product_isbn_issn%3D141301772X%26discipline_number%3D300&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFrqEzeuJzICcUhfHqqkOjb6F3ja0rB1bQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Thinking for Yourself Site</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fhighered.mcgraw-hill.com%2Fsites%2F0072473762%2Finformation_center_view0%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFrqEzdppUaDRByOXuxDPfsL2f_GyWLxAg" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Critical Reading for College and Beyond Companion site:</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Note: Course and student blogs and wiki sites to be presented in class<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">COURSE DESCRIPTION</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Critical thinking (E75) considers the cognitive skills and communicative strategies for defining, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating information. The course includes structural and operational approaches to task/mission analysis, decision-making, change forecasting, adaptation, and evaluation. Systems approach to analysis and solution of complex problems. Conceptual issues in problem definition, goal determination and measurement of effectiveness. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">OBJECTIVES</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Skills emphasized include ability to examine objectively various sides of issues and to effectively use the procedures involved in systematic problem solving. Additional skills targeted include increased ability to develop and apply academic and professional communication skills, including improved ability to interact appropriately with challenging materials at an increased level of communicative competence.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">METHODOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">The course sessions will include lectures , A/V-augmented presentations (text-based and other topically related slides and relevant audio/video/web resources), written and oral classroom exercises applying course concepts, small group and classroom discussions, student presentations of individual and group assignments based on course units, with emphasis on engaging students in learning by doing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Students are expected to attend class punctually and fully (arriving on time and leaving the classroom only at the scheduled break and end times). Students are expected to participate in individual and group work in a productive manner, to complete assignments according to schedule and at a level appropriate to university rubrics, and to take personal responsibility for meeting the objectives of the course. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">TOPICAL OUTLINE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Topics covered include observation skills, appropriate language skills and encoding strategies, differentiating among fact, inference, judgment, recognizing fallacies of reasoning and evaluation, understanding viewpoint, analyzing character, logic, and emotion in persuasion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">For each of the units (as well as additional assignments given in class), students will do the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black;">Read </span></b><span style="color: black;">assigned materials with care and understanding,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black;">Reflec</span></b><span style="color: black;">t on the assignments in writing (a brief paragraph or two), discussing your thoughts on the primary content; include points of personal interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black;">Review </span></b><span style="color: black;">main points of the reading and create a personalized three-level primary question and answer outline on a minimum of three or four selected items from the assigned readings. The outline should develop the main topics in question form with a clear and consise answer followed by significant details with definitions and examples, including your own ideas and evaluations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black;">Email</span></b><span style="color: black;"> your assignments to me at profsylvia@gmail.com, with your outline and reflections attached or in the body of your email. Be sure to keep a copy of the email for yourself and add it to your ePortfolios/PowerPoint presentations for midterm and final submission and sharing. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Assignments are due on the dates indicated on the schedule below.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">SCHEDULE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 639px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Session<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: #dbe5f1; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Unit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY Text Assignment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB Text Assignment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">23-Aug<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction Where Do You Stand?<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">30-Aug<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Observation<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C1, Observation<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C1, Reading<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6-Sep<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Language and Thought<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C2, Word Precision<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C2, Vocabulary<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">13-Sep<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Facts<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C3, Facts<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C3, Memory<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">20-Sep<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Inferences<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C4, Inferences<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C4, Time<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">27-Sep<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Assumptions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C5, Assumptions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C5, Main Ideas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4-Oct<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Opinions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C6, Opinions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C6, Details<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">11-Oct<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluations<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C7, Evaluations<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C7, Inference<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">18-Oct<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 383.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="511"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Midterm; ePortfolio and Presentations for Review Prior to Midterm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">25-Oct<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Points of View<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C8, Viewpoints<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C8, Texts<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Argument<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C9, Argument<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C9, PSR Strategies<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">8-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fallacies<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C10, Fallacies<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C10, Marking<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">15-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Induction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C11, Inductive Reasoning<br />
TFY C12 Inductive Fallacies<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C11, Advanced Strategies<br />
CRCB C12, Identifying and Evaluating Arguments<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">22-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 383.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="511"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fall Recess<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">29-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Deduction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="183"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">TFY C13, Deductive Reasoning<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b style="background-color: #c6d9f1; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Presentations for Review Prior to Final</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CRCB C13, Reading beyond the Words<br />
CRCB C14, Evaluating Internet Resources<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6-Dec<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #C6D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 383.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="511"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Final <o:p></o:p></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> ePortfolio and Presentations for Review Prior to Final</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">ASSESSMENT CRITERIA & METHOD OF EVALUATING STUDENTS</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Students will demonstrate their level of achievement through appropriate and accurate application of critical thinking theory, including problem-solving, analysis, and decision-making criteria in approaching and solving text, classroom, and real-world exercises, individually and as group participants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Grading Guidelines</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 128px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">100-95</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">94-90</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A-</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">89-87</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B+</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">86-84</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B-</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">83-80</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C+</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">79-77</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C+</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">76-74</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">73-70</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C-</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">69-67</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D+</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">66-64</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">63-60</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D-</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">59 or <</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">F</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 3.5pt;" width="5"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 89.4pt;" width="119"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Items<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: black;">Points<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Clas</span>s<span style="color: black;"> Participation<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Quizzes/Midterm</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">20</span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Projects/ePortfolio</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Daily Assignments and Attendance</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">25</span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Presentation of Assignments</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Final Exam</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">25</span></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" valign="bottom" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black;">Total</span><o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="16"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: black;">100</span><o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 44.05pt;" width="59"></td> <td style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.4in;" width="134"></td> <td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" width="16"></td> <td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 81.1pt;" width="108"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 3.5pt;" width="5"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 89.4pt;" width="119"></td> </tr>
<tr height="0"> <td style="border: none;" width="45"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="134"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="17"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="39"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="82"></td> </tr>
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</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">PLEASE NOTE:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">Revisions to the schedule will be announced in class as needed. Class attendance is required. Class participation is encouraged for enhanced learning through applied content, group interactions, and individual and small group presentations. Plagiarized content is strictly prohibited: Researched materials must be documented using a consistent style for both in-text and end-text citations of sources using the published standards of the most recent subject-appropriate style guide, such as APA (social sciences) or MLA (humanities), for example. Missed exams and assignments require certified excuses (signed documentation by an appropriate medical or other official representative). With documentation, a makeup exam may be scheduled. Electronics are not allowed during exams. Cell phones should not be active during class sessions. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-75241887344642899292011-02-14T09:30:00.000-08:002011-02-14T09:31:17.167-08:00Logic Glossary<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 13px; "><h3 class="post-title" style="margin-top: 0.25em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; color: rgb(204, 102, 0); "><a href="http://criticalthinkingmatters.blogspot.com/2006/04/logic-glossary.html" title="" style="color: rgb(204, 102, 0); text-decoration: none; display: block; font-weight: normal; ">Logic Glossary</a></h3><div class="post-header-line-1"></div><div class="post-body"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "><span style="font-weight: bold; ">from <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/start.html" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/start.html</a></span><br /><i><br />This glossary is excerpted from glossary prepared for my <a href="http://www.uncc.edu/mleldrid/ct/start.html" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">Critical Thinking course</a>, which you may consult for definitions and examples of the informal fallacies and other matters more relevant to that course than to deductive logic.</i> The excerpted material has subsequently been expanded.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><dl><dt><b><a name="affirmingtheconsequent">Affirming the consequent</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Like <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#denyingtheantecedent" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">denying the antecedent</a>, affirming the consequent is a formal <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#fallacy" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">fallacy</a>. The fallacy lies solely in the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a> itself. It has the following pattern: if p then q, q, therefore p. Any argument that fits this pattern is <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">invalid</a>, that is, even if the premises are true, the conclusion that follows from these premises may not be true. Whereas, a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> form guarantees that, if the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a> are true, the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conclusion" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conclusion</a> will be true. Indeed, if an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> has a valid form and true premises, then it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="argument">Argument</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a> and a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conclusion" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conclusion</a>. Arguments are usually divided into two kinds, <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a>and <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#inductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">inductive</a>. So defined, an argument is to be distinguished from a disagreement. One may use an argument, in the logician's sense, in order to win an argument, in the everyday sense of a dispute. Clearly the logician's "argument" is not as dramatic as a verbal fight. For an example of an inductive argument see <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argumentfromanalogy" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument from analogy</a>; for an example of a deductive argument see <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#harddeterminism" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">hard determinism</a>.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="argumentfromanalogy">Argument from analogy</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>An argument from analogy is an argument that has the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>:<blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">All P are like Q<br />Q has such-and-such characteristic.<br />Thus P has such-and-such characteristic.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Thus, for example, a few years ago one Republican congressman, who had been a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War, argued in a caucus prior to the election of the Speaker of the House:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Not voting to re-elect Newt Gingrich would be like abandoning your wingman.<br />Abandoning your wingman is wrong.<br />So not voting to re-elect Newt would be wrong.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">One evaluates such an argument by examining the analogy. It is a weak analogy, and thus fallacious, if there are not many similarities. For instance, in this example there is some similarity between the two situations. The Congressman no doubt felt that with Speaker Gingrich having been charged with ethics violations that he was under attack as a fighter pilot's wingman could be. But there are also dissimilarities. Voting for Speaker of the House is not a life-or-death situation. Moreover, n combat, one neither gets to choose one's wingman nor one's mission. Yet it is the obligation of a congressman to vote for the officers of the House of Representatives as s/he sees fit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Here's a stronger analogy:</p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Premise: Learning logic is like learning a foreign language.<br />Premise: You can't learn a language by cramming; you have to study it regularly.<br />Conclusion: You can't learn logic by cramming; you have to study it regularly.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Notice the form is the same for a weak or a strong analogy. What makes a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#weakanalogy" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">weak analogy</a> fallacious is not the pattern of reasoning but a lack of compelling similarities to warrant the alleged one.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="conclusion">Conclusion</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A conclusion is the supported claim that is being made. In an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> one expects that a claim will be supported with reasons or<a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a>. Moreover, these premises will be true and will, in fact, lead to the conclusion. Hence arguments can be evaluated as to how well they do this: Are the premises true? Is the reasoning good?<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="conditional">Conditional</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consequent. The antecedent, or that which goes before, is preceded by the "if"; the consequent, or that which comes after, may be preceded by a "then". English sentences sometimes reverse the order: John studies hard if he thinks that he will do well in a class. But the logic of this sentence is: If John thinks that he will do well in a class, then he studies hard. Here the antecedent is "John thinks that he will do well in a class" and the consequent is "he studies hard".<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="consistency">Consistency</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Consistency is much prized in reasoning. Ideally, one would like for one's beliefs to fit together without any contradictions. Consistency is the intuitive notion that is the basis for the understanding of <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">validity</a>: we expect true premises to lead to a true conclusion. When we find that we have true premises and a false conclusion we lack consistency between premises and conclusion and know that the argument form is invalid.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="contradiction">Contradiction</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions, such as, "Abortion is wrong and abortion is not wrong." Since a claim and its contradictory cannot both be true, one of them must be false. Few people will assert an outright contradiction, but one may fall into an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#inconsistency" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">inconsistency</a>.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b>Counterexample</b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A counterexample is an example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it. A TV newscast that limited its coverage of "mayhem and misery" (in Bob Inman's phrase) would falsify a claim that all local TV newscasts focused on crime and disasters. Consequently, careful thinkers avoid rash generalizations (see <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#hastygeneralization" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">hasty generalization</a>) by qualifying their generalizations. If there are local TV newscasts that do not focus on "mayhem and misery," one could say, "Most local TV newscasts focus on "mayhem and misery."<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="deductive">Deductive</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A deductive argument is one that derives the truth of the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conclusion" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conclusion</a> from the truth of the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a>. If the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>, or structure of the argument, is <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a>, then the conclusion will always follow from the premises. The <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#harddeterminism" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">hard determinism</a> argument below is an example of a deductive argument that makes use of two <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#modusponens" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">modus ponens</a> arguments in which the conclusion of the first serves as the premise of the second, or so it appears.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="denyingtheantecedent">Denying the antecedent</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Denying the antecedent, like <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#affirmingtheconsequent" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">affirming the consequent</a>, is a formal <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#fallacy" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">fallacy</a>. Denying the antecedent has the following <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>, or pattern: if p then q, not-p, therefore not-q, or<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">if p then q<br />not-p<br />------------<br />not-q<p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Both formal fallacies are easily confused with two <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> argument forms: <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#modusponens" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">modus ponens</a> and <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#modustollens" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">modus tollens</a>. Here is an analysis of the four forms according to affirmation-denial and antecedent-consequent:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><center><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td><b>antecedent</b></td><td><b>consequent</b></td></tr><tr><td><b>affirm</b></td><td>(1)modus ponens</td><td>(2)affirm the consequent</td></tr><tr><td><b>deny</b></td><td>(3)deny the antecedent</td><td>(4)modus tollens</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">(1) and (4) are valid argument forms; (2) and (3) are invalid.</p></center><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b>Dilemma</b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>In popular use a dilemma can be almost any sort of difficult choice, but in logic a dilemma is a choice in which there are only two options, attractive or not. One can refute a dilemma, that is, show that is not a real dilemma, by finding a third possibility.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="disjunctivesyllogism">Disjunctive Syllogism</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>If there are only two possibilities, one of which is true, and then, if one is eliminated, the remaining one is true. Hence the following argument form:<blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Either X or Y<br />Not X<br />Therefore Y</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">This form of argument is a disjunctive syllogism. It is a syllogism, that is, an argument with two premises, and one of the premises is a disjunction. Here is an ordinary language example:</p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Either you pass logic or you do not graduate.<br />You will not pass logic.<br />Therefore you will not graduate.</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Fortunately, the first premise is not true. Hence the argument, while <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> is not <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#soundness" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">sound</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b>Empirical</b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>From a Greek word meaning "to experiment," it is used by philosophers to mean that which has to do with sense experience.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="empiricalgeneralization">Empirical generalization</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Empirical (or inductive) generalizations are general statements based upon experience.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Most student desks in older classroom buildings at UNC Charlotte have gum stuck underneath the desk tops.</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">A good generalization will be developed from a large number of varied experiences. For instance, one could offer as a justification for the previous generalization:</p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">I've looked underneath several desks in several classrooms.</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Generalizations drawn from a small number of instances or from anecdotal evidence are said to be hasty generalizations.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="explanation">Explanation</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>An explanation identifies the cause of an event, thus answering the question why something is what it is or why it occurs. Historical explanations show how something came to be what it is. For instance, Old Shell Road in Mobile got its name because at one time the street was paved with shells dredged from Mobile Bay. A scientific explanation identifies the conditions that must be present for something to occur. For instance, an explanation of why matches light would identify, among other things, the presence of oxygen, a phospherous tip, a wooden stick and friction.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">The following example, contributed by Lee-Marie Davis, a student in one of my critical thinking classes, explains why a particular explanation is an explanation:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Explanations identify causal relationships. They tell why or how something happens. The following is an example of an explanation:<p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">My father was diagnosed with lung cancer two years ago. Of course, one of the very first questions out of his mouth was, "Why did this happen?" The doctor explained to my dad that he fit into three categories of risk factors that contribute to the onset of cancer in some patients. The first category that the doctor said my did fit into was that he had a history of cancer in his family. The second category was that my dad had smoked for almost 30 years, and the third category was that my dad had gone through a period of high stress.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">This is an explanation because the doctor tells my dad why he had cancer. The doctor gives him three reasons that had put my dad at risk for lung cancer. He told him that he fit into the risk categories of family history, high stress and was a smoker. The explanation of the doctor helped my dad better understand why he had the cancer by telling him the cause of the cancer.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote></dd><dt><b><a name="fallacy">Fallacy</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning, or <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument%3Eargument%3C/a%3E.%20%20It%20looks%20good%20but%20upon%20examination%20it%20turns%20out%20to%20beundependable.%20%3Cp%3EThey%20are%20often%20divided%20into%20two%20kinds--%3Ci%3Eformal%3C/i%3E%20and%20%3Ci%3Einformal%3C/i%3E.%20%20Formal%20%20%20%20fallacies%20include%20%3Ca%20href=" affirmingtheconsequent="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">affirming the consequent</a> and <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#denyingtheantecedent" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">denying the antecedent</a>. Informal fallacies include begging the question, composition, division, equivocation, false cause, false dichtomy, hasty generalization, personal attack, red herring, slippery slope, straw man, weak analogy. There are many other examples of bad reasoning that have been identified by logicians, but these are enough to illustrate the idea of a fallacy.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="form">Form</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd><a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">Arguments</a> often exhibit one or more reasoning patterns. These patterns, such as <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#modusponens" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">modus ponens</a> or an argument from analogy, are called forms and are to be distinguished from the content of the actual argument. Just as a coffee cup or mug has a distinctive shape and is distinguishable from what you put it (the coffee or content), so argument forms are identifiable and not to be confused with the actual<a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a> and <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conclusion" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conclusions</a> used.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><a name="harddeterminism"><b>Hard determinism</b></a><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Determinism is the view that all events are caused. One form of determinism, one that pushes the notion of universal causation to unacceptable consequences, is hard determinism. Here, in summary form, is an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> for this extreme view. I offer it as an example of a flawed <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a> argument:<blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">1. All events are caused.<p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">2. If all events are caused, then there are no free actions.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">3. There are no free actions (from 2 and 1 by modus ponens).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">4. If there are no free actions, then there is no personal responsibility.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">5. There is no personal responsibility (from 4 and 3, once again, by modus ponens).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote>There is nothing apparently wrong with the form of this argument, for <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#modusponens" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">modus ponens</a> is a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> argument <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>. Unless one is prepared to accept the consequences that we lack both freedom and responsibility, then one must find some other error.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="hastygeneralization">Hasty Generalization</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data. The relevant rule that it violates is: <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/glossary.htm#empiricalgeneralization" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">Generalizations</a> should be based on a large number of various representative examples. Here is a note I once received from a student (the names have been changed):<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Mr. Eldridge, As you notice, I was not in class Thursday, due to the flu. I gave my paper to Justin because he was going to class. On Sunday, I found out he did not attend class. Here is my revised paper. Let's hope this will work! Now, I've learned not to trust other people. Laura Walker</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Hasty generalizations should not be confused with the fallacy of <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/glossary.htm#composition" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">composition</a>. In a hasty generalization one infers a general statement on the basis of an atypical instance; whereas in the fallacy of composition you take something that is true of each of the parts and attribute to the whole. Composition, like <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#division" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">division</a>, confuses distribution and collectivity (whether something is considered individually or as a whole); hasty generalizations infer something to be true generally on the basis of a limited number of unrepresentative instances.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="inconsistency">Inconsistency</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Inconsistency is to be avoided, for it indicates error. It is an implicit <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#contradiction" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">contradiction</a>. An inconsistent set of statements will not be an outright contradiction but will lead to one. For example, if one declares:<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">All UNC Charlotte students are hardworking.<br />Jim Schwartz is a UNC Charlotte student, and<br />Jim Schwartz is lazy,<p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></blockquote>then s/he is being inconsistent. There is no contradiction here, such as,<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Jim Schwartz is hardworking and Jim Schwartz is lazy,</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">but, clearly, there is an inconsistency. For if all UNC Charlotte students are hardworking, then it is impossible for Schwartz to be a UNC Charlotte student and not be hard-working. It is implicitly contradictory to say that Schwartz is UNC Charlotte student (and thus hard-working) and to claim that he is lazy, that is, not hard-working. See <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#consistency" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">consistency</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="inductive">Inductive</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Unlike <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive arguments</a>, inductive ones promise only probability, not certainty. Thus, if one argues that having watched several different newscasts in several different cities on many different nights one may infer that newscasts emphasize, in Bob Inman's phrase, "mayhem and misery", then one is making an inductive argument. (In this case, an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/glossary.htm#inductivegeneralization" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">inductive (or empirical) generalization</a>. Another kind of inductive argument is an argument from analogy. Inductive arguments are judged by their reliability, where one expects only a high degree of probability, not one hundred percent reliability as with deduction.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="logic">Logic</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It both describes and evaluates the way in which we draw inferences. Inferences are formulated as<a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">arguments</a> and then evaluated as to their <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">validity</a> and <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#soundness" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">soundness</a>. The aim is to find generally reliable (see <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#inductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">inductive</a>) or always reliable (see <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a>) arguments. Although logicians describe our reasoning patterns, this task is more properly the work of psychologists. The logician's primary concern is normative--how we should reason. The value of this ancient enterprise, which can be traced back to Aristotle and his predecessors, notably Zeno of Elea, is well expressed by the British philosopher, Patrick Shaw, in the preface to <i>Logic and Its Limits</i> (Oxford University Press, 1997):<blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">Most of the time, the ordinary person does think straight. In countless ways social life depends on doing so. Balancing the housekeeping money, locating a fault in a wiring system, planning a day out--all involve, tacitly or otherwise, working out what is compatible with what. I cannot spend this pound and save it; if the bulb works in another socket then the fault does not lie in the bulb; either we catch the five o'clock train or we will not be able to get to the concert. These are the kind of commonplaces that underpin any sort of planned, purposive behaviour. They are largely taken for granted, and any mistakes in reasoning quickly run up against the harsh corrective of experience.<p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Problems arise when the test of experience is neither so immediate nor overwhelming. People speculate on what the facts might be when the facts are not obvious; and they disagree in their speculations. Also people pronounce upon, and disagree about, what ought to be the case, or whether one thing is better than another. They are not disagreeing about what <i>is</i> the case, so they cannot appeal straightforwardly to experience.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">When these kinds of disagreement occur, when the competing claims cannot be easily and obviously tested, attention is bound to turn to the route by which a cotnroversial conclusion was reached. We are forced to become self-conscious about the reasoning process. How far reasoning will take us remains to be seen, but so far as it leads we must be sure that it is sound.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="modusponens">Modus ponens</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>, not to be confused with <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#affirmingtheconsequent" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">affirming the consequent</a>, modus ponens consists of a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conditional" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conditional</a> statement and one other <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premise</a>. The second premise affirms the antecedent of the conditional, yielding the consequent as the conclusion:<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">if p then q<br />p<br />-----------<br />q</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="modustollens">Modus Tollens</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a>, modus tollens is not to be confused with <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#denyingtheantecedent" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">denying the antecedent</a>. Modus tollens consists of a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conditional" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conditional</a>statement and one other <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premise</a>. The second premise denies the consequent of the conditional, yielding the denied antecedent as the conclusion:<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">If p then q<br />not-q<br />-----------<br />not-p</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="necessaryandsufficientconditions">Necessary and sufficient conditions</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>If event A must occur for event B to occur, then we say that A is <i>necessary</i> for B. If event A may cause B but there could be some other cause as well, then we say that A is <i>sufficient</i> to cause B.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="premise">Premises</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Statements offered as reasons to support a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#conclusion" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">conclusion</a> are premises. Logicians generally pay more attention to the reasoning, that is, the relationship between premises and conclusion. They rely on scientists to determine the accuracy of the premises.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="salvaveritate">Salva Veritate</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A Latin phrase which literally mean "saving truth"; <i>salva veritate</i> is used by logicians to express the concept of truth preservation, which is the test of a <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a>. If a deductive argument does not preserve the truth of the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a> (assuming they are in fact true), then it has an invalid argument form. <i>Salva veritate</i> is the <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#necessaryandsufficientconditions" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">necessary and sufficient condition</a> for a valid argument form.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="soundness">Soundness</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>A <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#valid" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">valid</a> argument <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">form</a> and true <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a>. (Notice that validity and true premises constitute <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#necessaryandsufficientconditions" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">necessary and sufficient conditions</a> for soundness.)<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="truthvalue">Truth-value</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Every proposition is either true or false. This status is called "truth-value".<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b>Unstated premises</b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Not every <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> is fully expressed. Sometimes <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#premise" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">premises</a> or even conclusions are left unexpressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated that Rover is a dog. Here the unstated premise is no problem; indeed it would probably be obvious in context. But sometimes unstated premises are problematic, particularly if two parties in a discussion are making differing assumptions. If one person thinks violence depicted in the media encourages violent behavior and another does not, then an argument that proceeds as follows will be evaluated differently by the two parties:<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">There's too much violence on TV.<br />No wonder we have so much violence among kids these days.</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">What will appear obvious to the person making these statements will not be so clear to the person who may be wondering what is the connection between the premise--there's too much violence on TV--and the conclusion--no wonder we have so much violence among kids these days. Hence the need for critical awareness. One function of critical thinking is to make the reasoning under discussion explicit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="valid">Valid</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Validity is a characteristic of good <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#deductive" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">deductive</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#form" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">forms</a>, those patterns which are one hundred percent reliable. It is impossible for a valid deductive argument with true premises to have a false conclusion. See <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#soundness" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">soundness</a>.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b>Venn diagrams</b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>Diagrams developed by John Venn, an English logician, in 1881 to represent categorical propositions and categorical syllogisms. They consist of two (for propositions) or three (for syllogisms) overlapping circles and are commonly used in introductory logic courses to represent and test the validity of categorical syllogisms.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dd><dt><b><a name="weakanalogy">Weak Analogy</a></b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p></dt><dd>An <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argument" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument</a> that infers that because two objects or situations are alike, then what is true of the one is true of the other, yet fails to notice a telling difference between the two objects or situations.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 20px; ">No one objects to a physician looking up a difficult case in medical books. So no one should object to nursing students, when taking a logic exam, being permitted to use their reference materials.</blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">A weak analogy is an <a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/logiglos.html#argumentfromanalogy" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">argument from analogy</a>; it is just not a very good one.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "><a href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/logic/start.html" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">Back to Logic home page</a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; "><i>Copyright © 1999, 2000 <a href="http://www.uncc.edu/mleldrid/eldridge.html" title="" style="color: rgb(85, 136, 170); text-decoration: none; ">Michael Eldridge</a></i></p></dd></dl></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-11432968626164400432011-02-14T09:23:00.000-08:002011-02-14T09:28:51.537-08:00ePortfolio<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 13px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">Your ePortfolio (in PowerPoint and Word and/or Google Docs equivalents and Blog ) should have the following parts:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; ">1. Title page, including:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Course number</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Course name</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Final Portfolio</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Your name</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Date<br />2. Table of Contents, including</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">All items from first half of course as well as second half</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Page numbers for each item(you can write in the numbers if necessary)<br />3. All your work, including</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Chapter summaries</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Chapter outlines </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Chapter maps (optional)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; ">Additional topic assignments (ARTS:<span style="font-size: 0px; "> </span>Awareness, Reasoning, Tactics, System -- three long or six short excercises from either or both of our two texts).<span style="font-size: 0px; "> </span>Each should be essay type, not short, objective type exercises as found in annotated instructor's editions). Your work must be your own and cannot duplicate the work of other students or other sources.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: 0.5in; "><br /></p></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-62075090127672980892010-12-01T22:30:00.000-08:002010-12-02T13:53:43.901-08:00Internet Argument Analysis: Believing and Doubting Assignment<div><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> S</span>elect one of the following topics. Research it on the Internet. (You may prefer to use the following websites as a starting point, or just select from the list of topics. You may choose to narrow the list down to five or six topics.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_explosion" title="Population explosion">Population explosion</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><i><span lang="EN">aka</span></i><span lang="EN"> <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race" title="Race">Race</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Race and intelligence</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</span></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a>, <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a>, <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_license" title="Viral license">viral license</a>, <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_piracy" title="Software piracy">Software piracy</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics" title="Gun politics">Gun politics</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</span></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</span></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
</span></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Then, locate at least two sites that support the topic, and argue in its favor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Locate at least two sites that argue against it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Summarize the information into two paragraphs; one paragraph listing the support and the other listing the reasons that argue against it. Which one was more convincing to you, and why? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Adapted from: Bean, John (1998). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Engaging Ideas</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="RU"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-51948182280020703812010-12-01T22:24:00.000-08:002010-12-01T22:25:43.813-08:00Internet Activity<p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3"><o:p> </o:p>Students:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"></span>Complete the following tasks:</p> <p class="MsoBodyText3">1. Find two World Wide Web sites that you feel take positions that run contrary to your own views and to the views of most members of our society.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>These sites might, for example, advocate white supremacy, complete racial separation, or even cloning. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span>2. Analyze the sites to determine the strategies used to convince people to adopt the group’s views.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Were they good, and how do you know?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Discuss the strategies the author used to try and persuade you.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Identify the fallacies that you recognize.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Be prepared to share your research.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6706584753399033629.post-9232917308623307082010-12-01T22:17:00.000-08:002010-12-01T22:18:06.203-08:00Internet Interest and Ability Survey<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center; background:#F2F2F2;mso-shading:windowtext;mso-pattern:gray-5 auto"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Survey of Internet Interest and Ability <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center; background:#F2F2F2;mso-shading:windowtext;mso-pattern:gray-5 auto"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">SIIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Answer the following questions by circling #1 if you agree with the statement or #2 if you disagree.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.2in;text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.2in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I use the Internet for most of my college assignments.<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.2in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I rarely experience frustration when trying to access information on <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the Internet.<span style="mso-tab-count: 9"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I only use the Internet for entertainment.<span style="mso-tab-count:6"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">If an article is published online, I believe that it is reliable because it has been<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>reviewed by a federal committee.<span style="mso-tab-count:7"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Keywords help me locate the information I need.<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">6.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">A search engine is a computerized index to information on the Web.<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">7.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Using the computer saves time.<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">8.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Links are not useful when researching topics.<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">9.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I would use the Internet if I knew more about it.<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">10.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I have my own computer at home.<span style="mso-tab-count:6"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">11.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I would enjoy taking an online course for credit.<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">12.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I have developed guidelines to help me evaluate Websites.<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">13.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">If you find and use information on the Internet, you don’t have to cite<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the sources.<span style="mso-tab-count:9"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">14.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">After reading something I find interesting, I often start a thread.<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">15.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">A word-processing program is more efficient than a typewriter.<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">16.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I’m more comfortable researching in the library.<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .25in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">17.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">I avoid using the computer.<span style="mso-tab-count:7"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0